John Hart Ely as a Constitutional Theorist: On Introducing Ely to Japan

I. Introduction | II. Background for Ely’s Theory | 1. Path to Roe v. Wade | 2. Roe v. Wade | III. Ely’s Representation-Reinforcing Theory of Judicial Review | IV. Impacts of Ely’s Theory | 1. Reactions to Ely’s Theory | 2. Some Representative Criticisms of the Academics | 3. The Impossibility of Avoiding Value Judgments and the Primacy of Substantive Values | 4. Questioning the Majoritarian Difficulty and Commitment to Democracy | 5. Questioning the Finality of the Constitutional Judgment of the SCOTUS | 6. Questioning Majoritarianism | 7. Could the Judiciary Act as a Guardian of Minorities? | 8. The Importance of Ely’s Theory Despite All These Criticisms | V. Introducing Ely’s Theory to Japan | 1. Why I Believed That Ely’s Theory Is Vital to Japan | 2. Major Obstacles | VI. Lasting Importance of Ely’s Theory | VII. Conclusion