A Constitutional Analysis of Same-Sex Marriage Cases: Litigation for Social Change in Japan

I. Introduction | 1. Same-Sex Marriage Cases in Japan | 2. Underdevelopment of Political Process Theory and Judicial Passivism in Japan | II. Litigation for Social Change in Japan | 1. Overview of Litigation for Social Change in Japan | 2. Easy Cases/Hard Cases | III. How Should the Judiciary Behave in Hard Cases? | 1. Exceptional Cases for Judicial Activism | 2. Constitutional Interpretation | IV. Constitutional Interpretation in Same-Sex Marriage Cases | 1. Four Types of Approaches to Same-Sex Marriage | 2. Summary of the Court Decisions | 3. Approaches from Which the Courts Refrained | 4. Approaches Adopted by the Courts | 5. Analysis